Using a test of batteries before return-to-sport decision making is a key to confidently make such a decision and to decrease the risk of recurrent instability.
Multiple upper-extremity tests have been described in this recent literature that can be used to direct rehabilitation and to safely return the athlete back to sport.
PROM
Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI)
Modified scores > 90 for return to practice and > 95 for return to full competition have been suggested.
https://orthotoolkit.com/wosi/
Shoulder Instability-Return to Sport after Injury (SIRSI)-Scale
High scores correspond to a positive psychological response.
Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score (KJOC)
The score for an increased injury risk is currently accepted as <90
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30140711/
Performance measures
Isometric strength of ER and IR at 0° and 90° using instrumented (handheld or fixed) dynamometry
Shoulder IR and ER (at 0° and 90° of abduction) are measured for an isometric hold of 5 seconds for at least 2 trials on both sides.
Look for asymmetry
For throwers, 0.72-0.76 would be an appropriate goal for the IR/ER ratio
Endurance of posterior shoulder musculature (PSET)
Limb symmetry index within 10%
Modified version: 46 seconds for female individuals and 47 seconds for male individual
The Athletic Shoulder (ASH) test
Limb symmetry index within 10%
The minimum detectable change was between 13.2 and 25.9 N
Upper Quarter Y Balance test performance (UQ-YBT)
Limb symmetry index within 10%
Normative reference for active adults and young adult
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0253144
Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST)
Generally, ≥21 touches is considered normal and reflective of a decreased injury risk
One-Arm Hop Test (OAHT)
Expected asymmetry of 4.4 seconds between dominant and nondominant sides
Seated single-arm shot-put test (SSASP)
Expected asymmetry of 3%-13% between dominant and nondominant arms
https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jsr/30/3/article-p521.xml
Read The Full article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666061X21002601